Dab Tsi Peb Tsis Paub Txog Cov Poov Xab

2024 Tus sau: Jasmine Walkman | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 08:31

Zoo poov mov paj los yog qhov yuav tsum tau npaj cov dej haus muaj cawv yog ib qho kev kawm. Cia peb paub nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm dab tsi cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm poov xab thiab fermentation.

Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb los txiav txim siab lub peev xwm fermentation muaj poov xab yog kev ua ub no rau biosynthetic ntawm lub hlwb thiab kev muaj peev xwm hloov mus rau qhov hloov pauv tsis tu ncua ib puag ncig thaum lub caij fermentation.

Lub zog biosynthetic ntawm lub hlwb nyob ntawm kev noj haus ntawm cov poov xab, lawv lub hnub nyoog thiab kev mob ntawm ib puag ncig.

Kev tawm dag zuaj ntawm lub cev muaj sia tuaj yeem tsuas yog ua kom tsis muaj zaub mov txaus. Cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntxiv nrog kev siv cov ntsev me me malt, insoluble nplej, maltose phoov thiab qab zib. Qhov no txo qhov kev siv ntawm cov poov xab thiab lawv cov kev ua me nyuam poob qis nrog tus nqi ntawm kev ua kom lub cev, nce lub sijhawm, txo qhov kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm fermentation ntawm wort. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hloov pauv saj thiab kev txo qis hauv kev tshem tawm cov poov xab noob thiab lawv cov kev ua haujlwm physiological.

Poov xab yam loj hlob

Poov xab fermentation

Poov sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev loj hlob yam, piv txwv li. rau cov tshuaj uas yog ib feem ntawm lub hlwb tab sis tib lub sijhawm tsis tuaj yeem coj los sib dhos.

Kev loj hlob ntawm txhua qhov muaj mob poov xab yog biotin (vitamin B7), pantothenic acid (vitamin B3) thiab mesoinositol (vitamin B8). Qee qhov mob ua si ntawm cov poov xab hloov kuj xav tau pyridoxine (vitamin B6). Ntxiv nrog rau cov vitamins no, koj yuav tsum them sai sai rau thiamine (vitamin B1), uas yog ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm fermentation. Thiamine txhawb kev ua kom muaj cawv cawv, koom nrog hauv kev coj ua ntawm biomass.

Poov xab fermentation khoom. Cov lus qhia siv

Pantothenic acid koom nrog hauv kev coj los ua ke ntawm cov roj ntsha uas tsis muaj sia, tshuaj steroid. Biotin tswj hwm kev ua kom tau cov carbohydrate, nitrogen thiab rog metabolism hauv cov poov xab. Inositol koom nrog membrane lipid synthesis, kev loj hlob ntawm tes thiab kev loj hlob.

Lub ntsiab ntxhia ua xav tau rau cov poov xab kev loj hlob thiab kev rov ua dua tshiab suav nrog nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur thiab magnesium, uas ua rau cov hmoov tshauv feem ntau. Cov roj ntsha feem ntau muaj cov tshuaj ntxeem ntxig, feem ntau cov protein, cov amino acids dawb, nucleic acids. Cov amino acids uas nyob hauv wort feem ntau siv rau lawv cov lus los ntawm cov poov xab. Lawv kuj tseem tuaj yeem lav cov khoom siv inorganic nitrogen (NH4 +), uas hloov los ntawm cov hlwb rau cov amino acids. Rau cov metabolism hauv ib txwm, 1 w yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg 140 mg ntawm amine nitrogen.

Nws yuav tsum nco txog qhov ntawd poov xab tsis txhob siv cov nitrates, nitrites thiab amino acids ntawm cov protein.

Saib cov poov xab ua poov xab

Cov metabolism hauv phosphorus, potassium thiab magnesium yog ze ze rau nitrogen metabolism. Phosphorus yog ib feem ntawm nucleic acids, ATP, phospholipids, xovtooj ntawm phab ntsa polymers, nws tuaj yeem tsim hauv cell ntau li polyphosphates.

Cov poov tshuaj muaj nyob hauv cov poov xab hauv qhov muaj nuj nqis ntau, nce txog 4.3% ntawm CB. Qhov no piv tau rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm nitrogen (txog 10% ntawm CO) thiab phosphorus (txog 5.5% ntawm CO), uas qhia nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov poov xab metabolism.

Poov tshuaj tsis tsuas yog ua cov coenzyme tab sis kuj nkag mus rau qee cov qauv hauv cellular. Nws kuj tseem koom nrog kev tswj hwm kev thauj mus los ntawm ions hla ntawm phab ntsa cell thiab los ntawm mitochondrial daim nyias nyias. Cov poov tshuaj ua kom txawv li 40 ntau hom enzymes, txhawb qhov hloov kho lub siab ntawm maltose thiab maltotriose.

Nws yog ze ze rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov poov xab thiab tus nqi ntawm fermentation.

Dr. Yotker lub poov xab

Magnesium yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv lub zog metabolism ntawm poov xabtxuam nrog cell kev loj hlob thiab nce npaug. Sulphur, uas yog koom nrog hauv cov synthesis ntawm cov amino acids xws li cysteine thiab methionine, xav tau rau cov kev rov qab ua poov xab ib txwm muaj. Ib qhov me me ntawm cov leej faj xav tau los ua cov sulfo thiab qee qhov coenzymes xws li biotin, coenzyme A, lipoic acid thiab thiamine peridoksin.

Rau cov kab taug uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov poov xab kev loj hlob yog: Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn (Table 1.3). Cov ntsiab lus uas tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev loj hlob: B, Na, Al, Si, Cl, V, Cr, Ni, Raws li, Se, Mo, Sn, Kuv.

Qhov xav tau micronutrients tuaj yeem nce ntau zaus thaum qoob loo muaj kev ntxhov siab, piv txwv li los ntawm qhov ntsuas kub siab tshaj qhov ntsuas kub kom zoo.

Aeration ntawm cov khoom noj nruab nrab nruab nrab yog siv los kom tau txais kev coj dawb huv ntawm cov poov xab thiab thaum pib ntawm fermentation. Kev siv cua oxygen yog xav tau rau cov poov xab rau lub zog metabolism thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov roj ntsha tsis txaus thiab ergosterol.

Zoo ntawm fermentation

Lub zog hauv lub xeev ntawm cov poov xab txiav txim siab qhov muaj peev xwm flocculation ntawm cov poov xab; tus nqi thiab degree ntawm fermentation ntawm wort (fermentation kev ua); synthesis ntawm fermentation by-products.

Poov thiab pwm hauv qab lub tshuab tsom

Flocculation yog kev thim rov qab sib sau ua ke ntawm cov poov xab hlwb. Cov cuab yeej no ntawm cov poov tau cuam tshuam nrog xws li cov cim ntsuas ntawm fermentation ntawm wort, cov khoom hauv organoleptic ntawm npias, nrog rau nws cov roj ntsha thiab colloidal tsis kam.

Poov xab - cov haujlwm fermentation txiav txim siab qhov ntev ntawm lub ntsiab fermentation, lub zog ua kom lub zog ntawm qhov khoom, nws cov khoom siv roj ntsha thiab colloidal ruaj khov thiab cov ntawv tsis hnov lus, nrog rau nws cov khoom cia.

Raws li cov concentration ntawm cov piam thaj hauv nruab nrab nce ntxiv, tus nqi ntawm fermentation ntawm wort txo qis. Tab sis qhov tshwm sim no tsis tas li tshwm sim, vim tias muaj cov poov xab ntau dhau los uas tsis muaj cov kua nplaum tawm.

Cov kev ua ntawm cov poov xab fermentation yog cuam tshuam nrog kev nrawm ntawm lawv txoj kev yug me nyuam, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev hloov kho sai ntawm wort. Kev loj hlob ntawm tes thiab kev loj hlob sai yog nyob ntawm qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm wort (cov ntsiab lus ntawm α-amino nitrogen, kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab qee qhov kab kawm), muaj cov pa oxygen (ntau dua 8 mg / dm3).

Cov poov xab ntev siv, nrog rau cov poov xab uas tsis zoo khaws cia, muaj cov khoom noj muaj zog qis.

Cawv ntawm cawv

Cawv yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm fermentation thiab nws cov nyhuv ntawm cov poov xab tau txhais tias yog kev ntxhov siab nrog ethanol. Lub cawv cawv inhibits ob tus nqi ntawm cov poov xab yug menyuam thiab cov txheej txheem fermentation.

Cov khoom ua kom lom lom ntawm ethanol yog los ntawm kev nce permeability thiab porosity ntawm lub cell membrane, uas ua rau muaj teeb meem nrog kev thauj khoom ntawm cov as-ham. Ntxiv rau, muaj ib qho tsis txaus muaj cytoplasm los ntawm dej.

Thaum cov lus qhia hauv ethanol hauv nruab nrab yog siab dua 1.2%, qhov kev loj hlob tshwj xeeb ntawm cov poov xab txo. Kev haus cawv cawv hauv nruab nrab ntawm 2% lossis ntau dua ua rau txo biomass tawm los. Poov xab tag nrho txoj kev loj hlob yog inhibited thaum muaj 8-9.5% ethanol.

Ethanol tseem cuam tshuam lub sijhawm ntawm cov poov xab cell cell. Kev nce ethanol concentration ntawm 0 txog 1% nce lub sijhawm sijhawm ntawm kwv yees li 2.3 txog 3.5 teev thiab nyob rau ntawm ethanol concentration ntawm 3.8% twb tau 6.9 teev.

Maya thiab kub

Kev ntsuas kub muaj lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog thiab cov qauv hauv cov metabolism hauv cov hlwb thiab vim li ntawd cuam tshuam qhov tshwj xeeb kev loj hlob ntawm cov poov xab thiab lub sijhawm ntawm tiam.

Cov hlwb yuav muaj qhov kub ntxhov siab (poob siab). Cov nyhuv no yog manifested yog poov xab kis rau qhov kub txaus (tab sis tsis siab tshaj 37 ° C) rau lub sijhawm luv luv.

Nws tau pom tias lub hlwb muaj sia los ntawm cov teeb meem kub siab tau txais tsis yog thermal stability tab sis kuj tiv taus cawv thiab osmosis.

Kev kho lub tshuab tawm tau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov kev ua ntawm qhov siab shear kev ntxhov siab thaum lub sijhawm sib xyaw cov poov xab, raws li lawv tau nqus los ntawm ib lub taub ntim rau lwm qhov nrog twj. Cov haujlwm ua haujlwm zoo li no tuaj yeem "rhuav" txheej txheej saum npoo ntawm cov poov xab cell membrane, uas txo cov khoom flocculation ntawm lub hlwb. Nyeg, qhov no ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem fermentation.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov poov xab tau to taub raws li lawv cov kev ua ub no lossis muaj peev xwm rov zoo dua tom qab kev ntxhov siab ntawm lub cev

Qhov tseeb uas txo cov physiological lub xeev ntawm cov poov xab

Cov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev tsis zoo ntawm lub cev kev mob ntawm cov noob poov xab tuaj yeem:

- kev tso tawm lig ntawm cov poov xab tom qab lawv tso nyiaj rau hauv qab ntawm CCT;

- nce lub txee lub neej ntawm cov poov xab;

- kev sib xyaw tsis txaus ntawm cov poov xab;

- ua txhaum ntawm qhov kub thaum lub sijhawm khaws cov poov xab;

- Kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm cov poov xab thaum lub sijhawm cia;

- xaiv cia hauv nruab nrab, xws li hauv dej;

- sib xyaw (tsis suav cov pa oxygen);

- tsis tshua muaj siab cia ntawm carbon dioxide.