Luam Yeeb

2024 Tus sau: Jasmine Walkman | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 08:31

Luam yeeb yog lub npe ntawm cov tsiaj qhuav lossis ziab thiab fermented nplooj ntawm cov nroj tsuag luam yeeb Nicotiana tabacum thiab Nicotiana rustica. Nws nyob rau hauv Potato tsev neeg, genus Nicotiana. Luam yeeb yog hais txog cov qoob loo tshwj xeeb uas tau cog rau lub hom phiaj kom tau cov khoom lag luam nrog lub suab hais tawm.

Tam sim no, kwv yees li 50 lab decare tau sown txhua xyoo luam yeebCov. 88% ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv Asia - Pakistan, Qaib Cov Txwv, Tuam Tshoj, Nyiv, Is Nrias teb.

Keeb kwm ntawm cov luam yeeb

Lub teb chaws ntawm luam yeeb yog Amelikas, qhov uas nws tau siv ntev los ntawm cov kws kho mob thiab Indian shamans. Tom qab nws hloov mus rau Tebchaws Europe, luam yeeb sai tau muaj koob npe, ua rau nws yog ib qho ntawm cov tsav tsheb tseem ceeb ntawm European colonization ntawm Asmeskas. Lub npe scientific ntawm cov genus ntawm luam yeeb - Nicotiana raug muab rau hauv kev hwm ntawm Jean Nico. Nico yog tus neeg sawv cev Fabkis ua haujlwm uas tau txhawb nqa luam yeeb hauv Paris tom qab rov qab los ntawm kev tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm hauv Lisbon xyoo 1561. Kev haus luam yeeb tau loj hlob nyob hauv peb lub teb chaws txij li xyoo 1717.

Kev siv cov khoom lag luam los ntawm luam yeeb hloov xyoo dhau los. Thaum pib nws tau siv los ua luam yeeb thiab hnia, tom qab ntawd nws pib haus luam yeeb los ntawm kev siv lub raj (hookah) lossis yeeb nkab, thaum tam sim no nws tau haus luam yeeb hauv cov ntawv luam yeeb thiab luam yeeb.

Raws li yog twb paub zoo heev, kev siv ntawm luam yeeb ua rau kev quav, ntxiv rau, muaj ntau tus lej phiv. Qhov no kuj yog qhov laj thawj rau kev npaj kom muaj kev tawm tsam ntau ntawm cov cwj pwm tsis zoo, uas dhau los rau 50s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem.

Kev sib xyaw ua luam yeeb

Luam yeeb muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg lub cev ntau yam, thiab nws kuj yog ib yam khoom uas cov khoom nyob ntawm qhov sib txuam ua ke ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ntawm nws. Feem ntau, cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv cov pa luam yeeb tau muab faib ua ob pawg. Qhov thib ib yog pawg A, uas suav nrog cov tshuaj uas muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau qhov zoo - nicotine, resinous cawv thiab qee hom resins, roj tseem ceeb, paraffin thiab soluble carbohydrates. Qhov thib ob yog pab pawg B, uas muaj cov tshuaj uas cuam tshuam rau qhov tsis zoo - cov protein, ammonia, organic acids thiab cov hauv paus dawb, cov dej cawv cawv thiab cov tshuaj nitrogen tsis muaj nicotine.

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm nicotine hauv luam yeeb muaj ntau qhov sib txawv - ntawm 0.5 txog 14%, thiab hauv cov luam yeeb uas tsim hauv Bulgaria - txog li 1.5%. Ntxiv rau cov nicotine, cov nplooj luam yeeb muaj qee lwm cov acaloids - anabasine, myosin, nornicotine, oxycotine. Ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb yog nornicotine, uas tau txiav txim siab kaum zaus tsawg dua li muaj nicotine.

Cov carbohydrates pom muaj nyob hauv luam yeeb nplooj tseem muaj sib txawv. Hauv cov luam yeeb hauv Bulgarian lawv muaj txog 25 txog 45%. Nws yog lawv uas txiav txim siab qhov loj tshaj plaws saj ntawm kev haus luam yeeb.

Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus hauv nitrogen ncav cuag 2.60%, raws li cov tshuaj nitrogen tau muab faib ua ob pawg - soluble / amides, amino acids, amines, alkaloids, nucleic acids / thiab insoluble / proteins /.

Cov protein nyob hauv luam yeeb yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 5-6.5%, tab sis nws tau txiav txim siab tias cov ntsiab lus ntau dua 6% tsis txaus ntseeg. Nitrogen fertilization ntawm luam yeeb teb tsub kom cov ntsiab lus ntawm nitrogenous tshuaj, ob qho tib si tsim nyog thiab tsis xav ua.

Cov hom luam yeeb

Qhov feem ntau hom luam yeeb yog:

Shag - yog qhov chaw loj-tawm luam yeeb ntawm hom tsiaj Nicotiana rustica. Lawv muaj ntau cov nicotine thiab siv los ua cov khoom snuff;

Oriental haus luam yeeb - nws tseem me me-tawm, siv feem ntau ua cov luam yeeb;

Qhia txog haus luam yeeb ib nrab - Nws yog me dua li cov oriental. Nws yog siv rau kev tsim cov luam yeeb, tshwj tsis yog hauv peb lub teb chaws nws yog tsim hauv Turkey, Serbia, Middle East thiab Macedonia;

Virginia Khaub Ncaws Kurd - Tau tsim hauv Asmeskas thiab Zimbabwe. Sawv cev loj-tawm ntawm tsev luam yeeblos ntawm cov luam yeeb uas tsim tawm;

Burley thiab Maryland - cov pa luam yeeb tsim nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Burley yog haum rau ob qho luam yeeb thiab kav dej;

Haus luam yeeb - muaj ywj tab sis muag heev nplooj. Muaj peb lub ntsiab ntau yam, raws li lub hom phiaj. Rauv - rau sau cov cawv; Cov ntawv qhia - rau cov ntawv luam yeeb; Rappers - kom npog cigars. Rappers yog qhov feem ntau kim. Cov yeeb tshuaj no yog tsim hauv Philippines, Indonesia, Cuba.

Kev siv luam yeeb

Ntau yam khoom uas muaj luam yeeb tau ntawm luam yeeb nplooj. Qhov feem ntau yog, tau kawg, luam yeeb, tom qab ntawd luam yeeb, zom luam yeeb, ntsuas thiab kav dej. Los ntawm cov kab thiab nplooj ntawm qee hom luam yeeb / Shag /, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov ntsiab lus siab nicotine, kev npaj nicotine tau txais. Cov alkaloids betaine thiab anabasine yog muab rho tawm los ntawm lwm hom, thiab malic thiab citric acid los ntawm lwm tus.

Lub hauv paus ntawm cov luam yeeb yog nplua nuj nyob hauv cov poov tshuaj, thiab tom qab kev kho mob tshwj xeeb tau siv los txais cov ntawv zoo. Cov noob luam yeeb muaj txog 40% roj, uas ua rau lawv haum rau cov roj zoo rau cov hom phiaj kev qhia.

Raug mob los ntawm luam yeeb

Kev siv ntawm luam yeeb nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawv thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov luam yeeb nqa ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kev puas tsuaj rau kev noj qab haus huv. Kev haus luam yeeb yog qhov muaj mob loj tshaj plaws rau mob ntsws. Nws ua rau 80-90% ntawm tag nrho cov tuag mob ntsws thiab txog 1/3 ntawm cov neeg mob qog nqaij hlav cancer hauv cov teb chaws tsim, suav nrog mob cancer ntawm lub plab, qhov ncauj, lub suab nqaj thiab caj pas.

Nicotine ua rau muaj ntshav nce siab ntau ntxiv, rhuav tshem cov vitamin C hauv lub cev. Kev haus luam yeeb ua rau muaj teeb meem nco, txo kev ceev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia. Nws cuam tshuam nrog kev pheej hmoo ntxiv tsis yog mob qog noj ntshav nkaus xwb tabsis tseem muaj kab mob plawv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias cov neeg haus luam yeeb uas mob siab yog tseem muaj kev pheej hmoo loj.